Why does water chemistry matter in brewing?

Water chemistry affects mash pH, hop bitterness perception, and overall beer character. The sulphate-to-chloride ratio is particularly important: higher sulphate accentuates hop bitterness, while higher chloride emphasises malt sweetness and fullness.

What is the sulphate-to-chloride ratio?

The SO4:Cl ratio determines perceived balance. Ratio > 2:1 = hop-forward. Ratio 1:1 = balanced. Ratio < 1:2 = malt-forward. IPAs typically use 2:1 to 3:1, while malty styles use 1:2.

Should I start from distilled/RO water?

Starting from RO or distilled water gives you a clean slate and full control. If using tap water, get a water report from your utility and subtract existing mineral levels before adding salts.

What water profile should I use?

Match your water to the beer style. Hop-forward beers benefit from higher sulphate (150-300 ppm). Malty beers benefit from higher chloride (100-200 ppm). A balanced profile has roughly equal sulphate and chloride. Burton-on-Trent water suits IPAs; Dublin suits stouts.

Can I brew with tap water without adjustment?

Many brewers make great beer with unadjusted tap water. Start by removing chlorine/chloramine with a Campden tablet (half a tablet per 23L). Water adjustments become important when you want to fine-tune a specific style or your tap water has extreme mineral levels.

BrewCalcs

Water Chemistry Calculator — Salt Additions

Calculate salt additions for target water chemistry profiles.

Water Volume

Target Profile

How We Calculate This

Water Chemistry Profiles

This calculator provides simplified salt additions for common beer style profiles. For precise adjustments, start with an analysis of your source water and calculate additions based on the difference between current and target mineral levels.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Last updated: 2025-02-20

All calculations are estimates. Always verify values and adjust based on your equipment and ingredients.